Ifugao (Philippines)

Enivironment
-Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total land area of 262,820 hectares (3336.030 sq mi), the province of Ifugao is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. Its capital is Lagawe and borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.
-Cool temperature predominates throughout the year with the coolest month of December to early part of March. The municipalities of Banaue, Mayoyao, Aguinaldo, Hingyon, Tinoc, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Asipulo are the coolest places in the province while moderately hot is being experienced in the lower elevation like in the muni- cipalities of Lamut and Alfonso Lista. The province has an average of 22.5 - 25 °C. The average rainfall is between 100 to 125 inches a year.
- The Ifugao culture is known for their rice terraces. Rice is the main crop grown by the Ifugao. The Ifugao mostly hunt deer, wild buffalo, and pigs. They also loved to fish for eel, frogs, and fish.
- Some environmental stresses put on the Ifugao is the illegal cutting of logs for fuel and construction. Ifugao is famous for its wood carving and the demand for it is rising. The rainforest is being opened for agricultural lands by using the slash and burn method. Due to these stresses the rsult is erosion, landslides, worrn out rice terraces and farmlands. Wild life, animal and plant species are also fast diminishing and some are either extinct or at the brink of extinction. Another issue due to the alterations of the forest are patterns of diseases such as : dengue, malaria, hepatitis, cholera, and dysentery. These diesease are serious health problem with the people of Ifugao and cause a decrease in productivity.

Climatic Adaptations

-I couldnt find any genetic adaptations of the Ifugao but culturally they have adapted. Due to the increase change in temperature of the rainforest the Ifugao build their houses facing the south away from the sun to keep the temeperature of the houses as low as possible. But with the dry season being extended every year due to global warming the Ifugao have not changed their ways of farming. They still keep the same agricultural traditions but many of them are venturing off and finding industry jobs so that they do not depend on the cultures agricultural ways.

Language
-The Ifugao have a language that changes from village to village. It is of Malayo-Polynesian derivation. Dialect and change of pronunciation can make it a real challenge to sustain a conversation between neighboring villagers. However, an official language dictionary has been produced.                                                                                                  

Gender Roles

-Genger roles between men and woman are interchangeable with the Ifugao. There are just as many women farmers then there is men. Thru this culture me and women compliment eachother. Women weave the clothes and traditionally wear skirts from waist high to knee length. Men wear loinclothes and sometimes have tatoos both sex would file or blacken their teeth to show signs of beauty. Beauty is a plus but not necessary in the Ifugao culture women and judged upon by how hard they work in the rice fields. Incenst is forbidden but through history shows that the Ifuago people were created due to a flood where only a brother and sister survived and had children who then had children and populated the Ifuago province. Due to this there is a strict rule on incest family is off limits unless 2nd cousins.

-Boys and girls are raised similiarly and only difference in appearence is by boys having haircuts, shorts, and shirts. Girls have long hair and wear dresses. Because the homes of the Ifugao are one bedrooms the children would live in empty houses or in a widows home like a dorm by the age of 3-4. The boys stayed with the bacholors while the girls stayed with the unmarried women. Boys could visit the women dormitory and be with other women but the mens dorms are off limits to women. Usually by the age of 5 children are expected to watch younger siblings and to be able to complete small tasks such as fetching water or collecting firewood. As the children of the Ifugao grow older the boys have more freedom to do as they wish then the woemn do such as visiting friends and relatives and exploring the forest. Girls have to stay behind and learn domestic labor  such as cooking, cleaning, and husking rice kerns. Round the age of 7-10 the boys start to spend time with the fathers to learn how to farm, fish, and hunt.
-From reading the story "The Blessed Curse"  I believe that she would be accepted in the Ifugao culture. Just because men and women are excepted by sexual preference and that men can do what women do and women can do what men do. The Ifugao might think of her as the best of both worlds.

Subsistence
- The Ifugao strictly use the agriculture as their main subsistence pattern but they do sometimes tend to hunt and fish.
-The main food items consumed by the Ifugao are: rice, sweet potatoe, fish, eel, frogs, clams, pig, deer, wild buffalo, and livestock.
- Traditionally, the men did the hunting, fishing, and farming. While the women picked the rice plants, cooked and cleaned. But now men and women can do any of the tasks at hand.
-With all the plants and animals named for the Ifugao, I believe they have a pretty well balanced diet and if they are lacking anything or needed a crop or animal they are always willing to trade or pay for it

Economic System

-The Ifugao economy comes from mainly their agriculture about 84% and the rest comes from cultivation of aquatic fauna in the rice fields as well as fishing.
- With the surplus of crops that the Ifugao have they trade, sale, and even some of the crop for courtship.
-Traditionally, the Ifugao used the barter system but now they just use either rice or money.
- Ifugao use trade through rice and currency. Being able to trade has been very beneficial for the culture because they now have cotton for clothes, livestock to eat and raise, steel, and brass to build better houses.

Marriage

-Monogamy is the normal and traditional marriage pattern but there are some wealthy individuals that due practice polygamy. Incest is forbidden through first cousins but distant cousins may be married but only with a penalty payment of livestock.
-Marriage partners in wealthy families are arranged through intermediaries, and they make decisions concerning their children's use and inheritance of property.
-In marriage there are some economic exchanges where once married the wife inherits livestock, family airlooms, etc from her parents and the husband gets the same from his and the newly married couple shares it all. But if a man or woman is remarrying due to death or divorce they have to pay the family of the divorced man or woman back what ever they received and a penalty fee.
-Ifugao courtship takes place in the womans home. But once married they then live on their own to start a family.
- Homosexuality is accepted in the Ifugao culture. It doesnt matter man or woman they accept that way of life and just sees it as a woman being a tomboy and taking on manly desires or a man being a transvestite take on womanly desires.

Kinship
-Several types of relationship are described by the same term. All kin of Ego's generation are known by the same term. A second term applies to one's child, nephew, or niece, and a third to one's mother and one's parents' sisters. Bilateral kinship relationships are the most important social ties. Every individual is a member of an exogamous bilateral kindred that extends to one's great-great-grandparents and third cousins. It is responsible for the welfare of its members, and formerly the Ifugao activated it in times of feud. One's kindred becomes allied with one's spouse's kindred at marriage.
-Inheritence is given once one is married, both families gives the newlyweds their inheritence to help start their new beggining. If a family with children gets divorced instead of splitting everything the kids inherit all belongings to the divorced couple.

Social Organization

-The Ifugao culture is a stratified culture. Your power and wealth is depended on how many rice fields, water buffalo, and slaves you own. The only way to gain status is to own as many as the items listed as possible. Who ever owns the most is in charge.

Political Structure
- The Ifugao do not have a formal political system.
- There are 150 districts in the Ifugao culture and each one has several hamlets. In the center of each district is a ritual rice field. The owner of the rice field is the one who makes all the agricultural decisions for the district.
-The laws of the Ifugao are held by a monbaga, a legal authority whose power rests on his wealth, knowledge of customary legal rules, and especially a large supporting group of kin who stand behind his decisions. The monbaga's main sanctions are death and fines. The wealthier you are or the closer in kin to the monbaga the less of a punishment you will receive, but if not wealthy or close in kin you are likely to be put to death.

The Role of Violence

- Past the local areas of the Ifugao province are villages that are contolled by kinship behaviors and the further you go from the Ifugao villages the more unfriendlier it gets. If you keep goin you will eventually end up in the war zone where the Ifugao once fought head hunting battles.
-Two ways violence is presented is through kinship feuds or warfare with outsiders. Feuds were of long duration, they were most often caused by intermarriage between the feuding groups. Warfare often took the form of raiding, with up to 100 men in a war party. Raiders not only collected heads for display on the skull shelves of expedition leaders, but also took slaves for sale to lowlanders.
-Warfare and feuding is now frowned upon and has been put to a stop by the U.S. occupation of the Philippines.

Religion

- The Ifugao religion is based on their cosmology. They divide the universe in 5 different sections: pugao (the kown earth), kabunian (the sky world), dalum ( the underworld), lagod ( the downstream area), and daiya (the upstream area). These regions all have large numbers of spirits and each spirit has its own name and belongs to one of thirty catogories. A few catogories are celestial bodies, natural phenomenom, disease, and hero ancestors.
- The Ifugao religion is polytheistic and it contains deities that are immortal, invisible, mobile, and have the ability to change form.
- Ifugao priest are men who have volunterred to take on the position after they have completed an apprenticship. The priest serve the village by invoking the spirits of deceased ancestors or deities. They also conduct  rituals for successfull hunts, omenology, agricultural abundunce, and prestige feast.
- One unique ritual of the Ifugao religion is that they do no bury their dead. They hang them in trees wrapped up and let their bodies decompose until it is nothing left but the skeleton. After this process they place the skeleton under their house with leaves on top of the body.
- Religion is very important to the Ifugao culture. They use their priest to cast off bad spirits from village members of bad fortune or sickness. They also need religion to put their lives in perspective and keep them on the right track so that they can continue to have good kharma.

Art

-The Ifugao would carve into wood as their artwork. They would create statues that would resemble spirits in which they would belief had the ability to warn off bad spirits or demons and would also bring them good luck, health, prosperity, and a good harvest. They also would carve out mask and create bead work to wear either on their head around their neck and even on their clothing.

-Ifugao songs can be classified as ritual songs and non-ritual songs. Ritual songs are sung during religious occasions. While non-ritual songs are song for one or two reasons "The liwliwa, used to express love, protest and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. The salidumnay, which can express ideas or emotions, is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women. "- Dance has always been apart of the Ifuago life especially during religious activities, rituals, and special occasions.  "Dances are also performed as part of rituals. The Ifugao dance batad is performed during village feasts and religious rituals involving sacrificial animals (Obusan 1989). During the wedding feasts, the iteneg is performed to announce to the whole village the union of the man and woman. There are incantations, prayers and animal sacrifices. As soon as the pig’s bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. More incantations and bile examination are conducted before the couple is asked to dance. The groom sports a hornbill headdress while the wife wears a headdress with a brass female figure. The couple then performs the tadek, depicting a rooster and hen courting. They carry a half-dead chicken with their left hands and offer these to the gods."
Conclusion/Cultural Change

a. The Ifugao have been affected by other cultures in todays world. They now have clothing that is more suitable for any weather and it helps them in the long run to stay healthy and avoid the issues of just wearing a loin cloth and not having any foot gear. But also with other cultures coming into the Ifugao province they are destroying the rainforest and taking away resources from the Ifugao culture. Other cultures are cutting down the trees for lumber and killing animals indegenous to the area in which the Ifugao hunt and use for themselves.
b. The Ifugao is healthy in a way. They try to stick with their heritage and continue to use agriculture as their main source of living. But with the newer generations children are growing up and getting reagular industry jobs and shying away from the provinceand their historical way of life.
c. The Ifugao have a weak influenceon the modern world in my opinion. I believe that they are still living in older times and are trying to catch up. They are slowly getting more and more resources from other places. But they are also trying their best to keep what they can of their culture.

Bibliography
- http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=225

- http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/enhancing-indigenous-knowledge-in-rice-terraces/

- http://www.scribd.com/doc/76969810/50/Ifugao

- http://www.essortment.com/ifugao---native-people-30360.html

- Barton, Roy Franklin (1946). "The Religion of the Ifugaos." American Anthropological Association Memoir 65:1-219.

- http://litera1no4.tripod.com/ifugao_frame.html

Art as culture

1. 
A. I believe the cave artist where trying to tell a story using the animals they see in there everyday life. Showing how sacred each animal is to them.
B. Being of mostly hunters and gatherers these animals such as horses, cows, and stags played a big role in the artist life. These animals depended on the cultures survival. Without the meat of the animals many would starve.
C. They werent savage people who just wanted to hunt and kill. They were passionate and smart enough to take time out of there day to paint or carve a story into the cave. Leaving behind there thoughts and views on the outside world. It showed what animals were most important to the artist.
D. Some difficulties that had to be navigated to paint these pictures would probably be finding the right tools that would be able to carve into stone or finding the right colors or paint that would stick to the cave walls and stay for years and years. Being able to draw animals just off of memory and what they felt the animal looked like in their mind.
E. Three functions I believe are apart of the art to early humans would be:
Myth- the unicorn in the cave is a mythical creature that is non existent
Symbolic expression- drawing from natural forms but representing only their basic patterns or arrangements
Kinship- symbolically expressed in stylized motifs and colorful designes etched or painted on any surface imaginable.

2.
Some functions that are comparable to art of early humans and modern humans are:
kinship- people today still use art to gain the attention of someone they are interested in courting or have already courted and want to just express how they feel about that special someone. In early humans they used art to express themselfs in stylize motifs and colorful designs etched or painted on human skin, animal hides or bones, pottery, wood, and rocks.
I also believe that political themes are common between early humans and modern humans. using art no matter if its paintings or verbal to show what they stand for or what they believe in.

3. The art form I am interested in is music/ hip hop

For most people who sing or rap hip hop music they create songs to express themselves on how they are feeling, how they grew up, what area they grew up in, and sometimes even to gain a significant other.
Hip Hop is a culture of its own that is more of a urban type of music the style has changed so much that each individual does what he or she wants and dresses they way the feel is fit to their style.
With this art form the culture all depends on the persons own "swagg" and also where they are from each city and state has its own style of hip hop music from gangster rap, jerk music, old school hip hop, freestyling, etc..

Hip hop has some benefit to society those that are from certain neighborhoods pick up music to keep out of trouble and off the streets. But there is some detrimental affects also. When gang members get involved in hip hop and make music about there set and how the sale drugs it gives a bad impression on our youth. Hip hop is so large and multi cultural that it should be used for good positive things.

Below is a link about hip hop and how it changed the world.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwfdlC795ag&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLF4A528B7D2FD1415

politics and violence

1. In the Yanomamo killing someone can raise your ranks within the village and help you with kinship also but in Western cultures killing is labeled as bad and can result in either death of the murderer or imprisonment.

2. Once someone in a village is killed then the family and sometimes friends of the individual killed rally together and the elder decides if they are going to seek revenge or not. If so they get a group together and travel to the other village and attempt to kill the man who killed their village member. But most of the time they kill the first man they see. They usually just shoot arows at an individual and run before they have been discovered.

3. Once the status of unokais has been obtained, an individual can move up in status and can become more intriguing to women of his village. Non-unokais are made fun of and called cowards and if they are married or courting a woman, men that are unokais tease the woman and make sexual gestures toward her so that she is lured to them. As a man of these kinds of cultural villages they would want to be a unokai because they would want to have kinship with a woman and reproduce they also would like to have status in the village and not be known as a coward.

4. With being a unokais you have some say in the politics of the village but if you are a multiple unokais you can make the rules in your village. In the political structure of the Yanomama culture unokais are the men who take charge and help run the village for they are looked at as the leaders because they have the courage and bravery to actually take a live and revenge other members in the village if they were to be killed.
Revenge killings affect social status also because the Yanomama pride themselves on killing and the men who actually have taken a life are the ones who have the highest status in the villages. If you are not a unokais or have got out of a revenge killing through excuses such as "im sick"then your social status is at the lowest of the low and are known as a coward.
Kinship is affected by revenge killings because most villages are patrilineal and the men from each village are pressured to rally together and revenge the death of an memeber or the village. To gain rank in the villages one must be willing to take the life of someone that has offended the village/family.
Marriage and Reproduction has a huge part in revenge killings. Men have to prove themselves and become unokais to be able to court a woman and keep her as theirs. If you are not a unokais and have a wife you are more likely to lose her because the men that are unokais will challenge you and give gestures to your wife to try and steal her away. So to be somewhat safe in a Yanomama village being a unokais is the best way to have marriage adn reproduction

5. Everyone has their own opinion and every has their own thoughts on what is bad or what is right. Revenge is probably a very strong reason why most people do bad things such as killing or fighting.
If someone was to bring harm to one of my family members I would want to do the same to them. Even though it is wrong I would want to avenge my loved one. Just because something is thought to be bad or that some think no one should want to do something, doesnt mean there isnt someone out there that is going to rebel and do it anyways. We need laws to protect us from those that do what they want and have their own ways of living.

1.For my blog I chose to interview my mother. Her name is Kim she is African American and born in raised on the southside of Chicago. My mother is 44 and has 4 brothers and sisters with only one brother that is still living today. My mother is also the baby out of her family and has always been treated as so. With her being the youngest we hit some obstacles of her trying to remember certain past family members but she did the best she could.

2.My mom was an easy person to interview due to the fact we have a great talking relationship and also that this isnt the first time she has shared our family history with me. I believe if I had to interview someone else that it would be very awkward at times asking about someones family ancestry. But hearing about our family is amazing to me we are a big family and used to be even bigger before a few deaths that have occured.

3. My mothers side of the family is pretty close. The immediate family gets together almost every week for dinner. Every holiday they switch up whose house will hold the get together where we all barbeque or cook soul food which is a strong part of our culture. Because we get together so often my mom and the family have a strong connection. If someone is in a bind or any kind of need they always come together to help that individual out no matter what. When I asked my mother about the commonalities in some of the family members she described how she believes she is just like my uncle Melvin who passed away over 7 years ago. Out of all of her siblings they were the closest. My uncle Melvin was the oldest, he was easy to get along with loved everyone and was just a lot of fun to be around. My mother explained to me that the family took a big hit when we lost him. Melvin was the main facilitator of the family functions and he and my grandmother were like the glue that held the family together.
Although my mom could describe her parents and siblings very well she really couldnt tell me much about my great aunts and uncles because they are all deceased except one aunt that the family had a falling out with.
The attitudes toward the older and younger individuals in my family are: the older memebers are always trying to run the younger generation no matter if they are kids or young adults. They are always trying to voice their opinon even if no one asked for it. But for the younger family members they arent as close to everyone as the elders. "Most of the youngsters have strayed off" my mother said moving to different cities and states. I was included in the statement since I reside in California for now.
 I believe there is a trend with small and large families. Large families tend to not be as tight knit as a small family has the potential to be because there are so many individuals who have their own families and venture off to be on their own. With smaller families there is a better chance of sticking together and building a bond with each and everyone of your relatives.
In my family there isnt any ethnic differences on my mom's side everyone is African American and are married to another African American.

4. On my moms side of the family I know almost all my relatives but on my fathers side I know no one except for his siblings who I do not have a relationship with at all.
I talk to my relatives on my moms side all the time because thats how we were raised we were so close as kids that everyone is like friends and we can call each other and talk about any and everything. With my dad I do not talk to his family because they are all so spread out within the country you probably wouldnt recognize them if I saw them.
My grandmother is the matriarch of the family. If there is any decision that needs to be made or someone needs help or advice she is always the first person everyone goes to. I believe this is so because my grandmother is a strong christian women who is very intelligent and just an all around good person that you know wont steer you wrong.
The only different attitude in the family based upon gender I would say is the fact that the younger men/boys are allowed to do more things then the women/girls, as far as going out late and going on dates at younger ages. The men just have more lead way in my family.
I learned that since day one with my grandmother and grandfather they wanted to have a close family and through all the years they have succeded with that goal. Like my grandmother always says, "the family that prays together stays together."

SUBSISTENCE AND ECONOMY

Part 1

Identify the benefits of both subsistence patterns.
With hunting and gathering the benefits consist of being able to move from place to place where food was plentiful and not having to worry about lots of belongings. They didnt have to worry about growing their own foods because they foraged and ate what was in the area. They lived in small groups where food last longer and they had lots of down time so that they were able to bond with their families. With the men hunting they didnt have to raise their own livestock and have to worry about providing food for the animals also. And because of them living in small groups they were able to share food with one another.
With agriculture the benefits where being able to live in one place and creating their own society. They got to live off the land and grow as much food as they wanted so there was never really a scare of starvation. In agriculture there had to be someone working the fields everyday and while others had down time they made utensils and pottery and some even used their time to try and invent different things to make live easier.
Identify the cost of both subsistence patterns.
Some of the disadvantages of hunting and gathering are because they have to move place to place where food is plentiful they can just settle down and focus on their families and having a stable home. The men that go on hunts sometimes have to walk for miles just to find a herd and sometimes they wont even come home with a kill. The women have to care for the children and gather fruits and vegetables for the group caring both the food and the kids . The hunters and gatherers also couldnt have an surplus of food because they lacked storage and were always on the move.
 The disadvantages of agriculture consists of; having to tend to the land everyday there was a lack of time to be spent with the family and having to work your land everday was a very hard and difficult job. Although a farmer grows food for his family and can use his crops for trade or value a farmer really didnt have any power in the society. With farming sometimes lands become less nutrishous to grow certain crops and can cause a famen.
Which subsistence pattern provides a healthier diet?
In my opinion the both diets are healthy in their own way but if I had to choose I would go with agriculture. I chose agriculture because unlike foragers the farmer and his family have a consistent diet of fruits and veggies that he grow his own. The agriculture diet only changes with the season when certain crops grow or when certain livestock are plentiful. In my opinion the foragers have to have a hardy stomach due to them moving around in different territories where different crops and animals are each time. The foragers stomach doesnt really get used to certain foods because they have so many different animals to hunt and fruits and vegetables to pick. Some times hunters and gatherers dont even get to eat meat because of a hunt that wasnt successfull.
Discuss why you think some human population made the transition into agriculture?
I belief some human populations have transitioned into agriculture because when having land, crops, and livestock they have something of value to trade. Also being a farmer you cant be a nomad you have to stay in one place and work your land. With being able to reside in one area you can settle down and raise a family and also feed your family and not really have to worry about where the next meal is coming from unless there is a drought. There is no need to hunt because your meat is in the barn waiting to be butchered. When in agriculture you have a surplus of food and can give some away to make ties with other families or store food.

Part 2

There is a direct relationship between the availability of surplus and the ability to trade. Explain the meaning of this statement.
The relationship between the availability of surplus and the ability to trade is simply when you have a surplus of crops you can trade for items you need or want and not have to worry about taking a hit on the crop you have available for yourself and your family.
Identify and describe two social benefits of trade.
Two social benefits of trade are to get your name out there that you have good product and are a fair man in hopes that it will bring you more business and more opportunities and trade for things you want or need to benefit you, another benefit would be to make connections with others and build relationships with other famers incase you ever need help or are in any kind of trouble and need protection.
Identify and describe two negative social results of the development of trade.
Two negative results of trade are having one person who has a big surplus of goods can put that person in a higher power rank then others where people have to come to him or her for their goods because they have it all or have the best or the most crops for trade where it almost can create like a monopoly. The demand for this persons products are so high he can make others trade for more then whats fair. Another negative result to trade is when others have nothing to trade for and end up in debt to another person because they gave them the product needed without anything in return.
Given your answer in the question #1, explain the relationship between the development of agriculture and the development of trade.
With agriculture you tend to have crops then needed to feed your family. So with this surplus of crops famrers would begin to trade crops for things they needed such as different seeds of crops they wanted to grow, crops that they couldnt grow, or equipment to help tend to the land.

Part one

The first part of the assignment was slightly difficult. Not being able to talk and express myself through my voice. I have no idea how animals communicate with others by only body language and sounds because my partner was getting pretty frustrated with me after about 5 minutes of her talking and me just nodding my head and looking interested in the conversation. I also got a little annoyed with me not being able to communicate back. By me being human and having the intelligence to communicate orally it was very hard for me to try and talk without actually talking.

I beleive that the symbolic culture has a better advantage in communicating only because they were taught how to communicate without speaking and most cultures can understand body lanugage. With a speaking culture not all other cultures may speak the same language as them so it then becomes difficult to communicate with one another if both are speaking different languages.

Part two

We were able to last the 15 minutes but it was very hard for me to not make facial expressions. I caught myself raising my eyebrows a few times during the conversation. My partner I believe lost interest in the conversation because it becaome quite boring. With me not being able to move my hands or make facial expressions I couldnt express myself and I also was very monotone.

The use of signs are very important in our language in my opinon. I believe this because with being able to use hand signs and body language we can go more into how we feel or express our conversations.



Part three

If I was permitted to use written language in part one, it would had been much easier to complete. I say this because with written language you can write down exactly how you feel or say what you want and it be understood as long as the other person can read. Written language helps lots of cultures especially for people who cant physically or verbally express themselves to others.

zulu/andean

The Zulu

 The 9 million Zulu-speaking people live mainly in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Some are also scattered throughout the other provinces. KwaZulu-Natal borders on Mozambique in the north, Eastern Cape in the south, the Indian Ocean in the east, and Lesotho in the west. The capital city is Pietermaritzburg. KwaZulu-Natal is semi-fertile with a flat coastal plain, highlands to the west, and numerous rivers and streams. The subtropical climate brings lots of sunshine and brief, intense rain shower.
Even though the area which the Zulu live is subtropical when its not the rainy season the land can become very dry and hot this is where the skin of the Zulu people has adapted to accommodate the heat. The darkness of  there skin acts like shade in which it helps the body stay cool from the sunlight. Another physical adaption from the Zulu is their hair which is coarse and and oily which helps them to also stay cool and protect their head from direct sunlight.

The Zulu also adapted culturally,. Because of the climate in which they live there is no need for excessive clothing men and women have their own seperate wardrobe in which it is proper for them to wear.
Today, the everyday clothing of a Zulu is no different from that of any modern urbanite. Traditional clothing, however, is very colorful. Men, women, and children wear beads as accessories. Men wear amabheshu , made of goat or cattle skin, which looks like a waist apron, worn at the back. They decorate their heads with feathers and fur. Men also wear frilly goatskin bands on their arms and legs. Women wear isidwaba , a traditional Zulu black skirt made of goat or cattle skin. If a woman is not married, she may wear only strings of beads to cover the top part of the body. If she is married, she will wear a T-shirt. Zulu only wear their traditional clothes on special occasions, such as Shaka's Day and cultural gatherings.

With the Zulu people I already took on the assumption of them being African/Black mostly because of my heritage and having an understanding why they are of the darker complection and by knowing what area they live in.

In anthropolgy I do not believe that physical or culture adaption is more informative then the other. I think that they both have their own reasoning for being in the study of anthropology and both can help determine where a person is from or their heritage.

Andean Indians

The area in which the Andean Indians live in is situated entirely within the tropics, and the seasons are marked more by differences in precipitation than in temperature. Lowlands tend to be hot, but elevation tempers the climate on some of the islands and along the mountain ranges that run through Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. Areas of heavy rainfall support dense forest, whereas a few dry regions support little more than sparse grass.

The Andean Indians have addapted physically by, having been born and raised at altitude appears to confer a substantial advantage in highaltitude performance compared with having been born and raised at sea level. A number of characteristics have been postulated to contribute to a high-altitude Andean phenotype; however, the relative contributions of developmental adaptation (within the individual) and genetic adaptation (within the population of which the individual is part) to the acquisition of this phenotype have yet to be resolved. A complex trait is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors and, in humans, it is inherently very difficult to determine what proportion of the trait is dictated by an individual’s genetic heritage and what proportion develops in response to the environment in which the person is born and raised. Looking for changes in putative adaptations in vertically migrant populations, determining the heritability of putative adaptive traits and genetic association analyses have all been used to evaluate the relative contributions of nurture and nature to theAndean phenotype.

The Andean Indians adapted through culture by domesticating the Alpaca for its hide to use for clothes and blankets to stay warm especially on the frost bitten nights. They also grew maize (corn) which is a very sturdy crop that can grow in almost any climate.

When considering a race for the Andean Indians you would automatically just say indina because of their back ground with the Incas and simply because they are calle Andean "Indians". But just through their skin complection and hair texture I would stick with Indian as their race.

In anthropolgy I do not believe that physical or culture adaption is more informative then the other. I think that they both have their own reasoning for being in the study of anthropology and both can help determine where a person is from or their heritage.

work cited

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23548/Andean-peoples

http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Zulu.html

http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Rwanda-to-Syria/Zulu.html

www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/.../m0028672.html

Cultural descriptions

mislead- I feel the people of the Nacerima were mislead because of how they were to believe the medicine men were actual healers. The people were led to believe that if they didnt do their mouth rituals that there teeth would fall out, friends and family would leave them, and their gums would bleed.

greed- the holy mouth men had a temple where the extremely ill would come to be healed. Before they would be allowed in the temple for treatment they first had to present the holy men with a gift. Also after they received treatment and were ready to be released they had to give another gift just to be able to leave the temple.

abuse- the Nacerima were very hard on themselves when it came to their rituals with lacerations to the face and severe healing procedures where most of the people who went into the temples dont make it out alive. To put yourself and your family through such horror and pain for a belief is disturbing.

dedicated- to be able to put yourself through so much pain and to be able to put trust in a medicine man knowing that others that have rarely make it out of the temple is dedication to ones religion and beliefs. knowing the mouth is a major part of the nacerima and that the whole community belives in the holy mouth men but see that others teeth are still decaying takes real trust that eventually things will get back on track.

crazy- to base your life on your mouth to keep friends and family and go through painful acts to keep with a belief to me is crazy. to have to give a gift to receive treatment where you know your most likely not gonna make it and if you do to have to give another gift just to leave the temple all in all is insane in my opinon


1) as an American I feel that my choice of descriptive words are very judgemental of how another country or tribe lives.

2)



3) I think my main word of choice that should be changed or taken away all together is "crazy" it was a wrong choice of words looking back at it because there are cultures in the world that might think the same about me and what I belive and I shouldn't judge others that way.



4) It is important to avoid judgement because everyone has their own beliefs and even though you may not agree with others ways of life they cant help how they live or what they believe in especially if that is how they were brought up in the world.
   It is hard to avoid personal cultural bias but I think it is possible to avoid it by having an understanding that everyone is differnt and has different beliefs and upbringing.